Louisiana v. Callais · ¶138

The Court in White found that test satisfied under a “totality of the circumstances” inquiry, which looked to how the multi-member districting scheme operated when “overlaid” on historical, social, and political “realities.” Id., at 769. As part of that analysis, the Court noted the “history of official racial discrimination in Texas” and the persistent use of “racial campaign tactics” in elections. Id., at 766–767. But beyond such intentional race-based action, the Court looked to how the current or “residual” effects of past discrimination, including disparities in matters like housing, “education [and] employment,” had political consequences. Id., at 768. Similarly, with respect to Mexican Americans, the Court considered evidence of “cultural and language barrier[s]” to political participation. Ibid. And finally, the Court homed in on political data itself, including voter…

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