Louisiana v. Callais · ¶156
And beyond Gingles's preconditions lies the “totality of circumstances” inquiry that migrated from White to Section 2's text. § 10301(b); see supra, at 140. To find, under that test, that the political process is not “equally open” to minority voters, a court must make (so Gingles held, lifting from White) “an intensely local appraisal” of how the challenged electoral rule operates against the backdrop of “past and present [racial] realit[ies].” § 10301(b); Gingles, 478 U. S., at 79; see White, 412 U. S., at 769. The “objective factors” to be considered include the State's “history of voting- related discrimination,” its experience of “racial appeals in political campaigns,” and its track record of electing minority citizens to office. Gingles, 478 U. S., at 44–45; see White, 412 U. S., at 769; Senate Report, at 28–29. So too, the inquiry may involve appraising the “effects of past…Read in context ›
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