Louisiana v. Callais · ¶20

In Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U. S. 55 (1980), the Court interpreted this language, and four Justices concluded in a plurality opinion that “facially neutral voting practices violate § 2 only if motivated by a discriminatory purpose.” Brnovich, 594 U. S., at 658. Justice Stevens, who concurred in the judgment, proposed a different but similarly demanding standard. See Bolden, 446 U. S., at 90–94. Indeed, in his view, a districting practice, even if motivated in part by race, would not violate § 2 so long as it was “supported by valid and articulable justifications.” Id., at 91–92.

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