Chiles v. Salazar · ¶131

Second, professional medical speech is speech within the healthcare provider's area of expertise as a member of the medical community. Haupt, 125 Yale L. J., at 1248–1251. Within the professional-patient relationship, the professional has knowledge that the patient does not have, including knowledge of which medical treatments are appropriate and how to administer them. The patient comes to the provider to access that expertise, which is informed by—and constrained by—what the medical community knows. See id., at 1243.

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