Chevron USA Inc. v. Plaquemines Parish · ¶50

Second, the Fifth Circuit reasoned that the P. A. W.'s allocation of crude oil to refneries severed any relation between producing and refning. 103 F. 4th, at 344. But, as this Court's decision in Morales illustrates, an act can relate to its consequences even when the causal chain includes actions by intermediaries. Morales concerned whether state rules for advertising “ `relat[ed]' ” to airline “ `rates' ” and were therefore preempted by a federal statute. 504 U. S., at 378– 379. This Court explained that if States restrict advertising, the market puts less pressure on airlines to “price competitively.” Id., at 388 (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, advertising rules related to rates, even though advertising affects rates only through the acts of an intermediary, the consumer. Id., at 389. Likewise, producing crude oil relates to refning it into avgas, even if the P. A. W.…

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