T. M. v. University of Md. Medical System Corporation · ¶21

“Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and generally can resolve only the cases that Congress grants them power to hear.” Hain Celestial Group, Inc. v. Palmquist, 607 U. S. 421, 424 (2026). As relevant here, Congress in 28 U. S. C. §1331 granted federal district courts “original jurisdiction of all civil actions” raising federal questions. District courts generally lack “any power to review directly cases from state courts.” Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Lo comotive Engineers, 398 U. S. 281, 286 (1970). Instead, this Court is the only federal court with appellate jurisdiction to review state-court judgments, and that jurisdiction extends only to “[f]inal judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had.” §1257(a). Thus, “from the beginning we have had in this country two essentially separate legal systems” with “[e]ach system…

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