Trump v. Slaughter · ¶147

In 1914, Congress enacted the Federal Trade Commission Act, which established the FTC primarily to prevent “unfair methods of competition in commerce.” § 5, 38 Stat. 719, as amended, 15 U. S. C. § 41 et seq. Then, as today, the Commission included five Commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate; no more than three Commissioners at a given time could be from the same political party; the Commissioners generally served staggered 7-year terms; and, central here, the Commissioners could be removed by the President only for “ineffciency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.” 38 Stat. 717–718, 15 U. S. C. § 41. At the time of enactment, the Commissioners elected their own Chair from among their membership. 38 Stat. 718. Today, the President appoints the Chair. See § 41; 16 CFR § 0.8 (2025).

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