FCC v. AT&T · ¶59

When the Federal Government seeks to deprive a person of property, it must go through an Article III court. SEC v. Jarkesy, 603 U. S. 109, 151 (2024) (Gorsuch, J., concurring). “That means the regular course of trial proceedings with their usual protections, not the use of ad hoc adjudication procedures before the same agency responsible for prosecuting the law, subject only to hands-off judicial review.” Ibid. (citation omitted). Thus, as this Court held in Jarkesy and reaffrms today, agencies can collect penalties only after adjudication in court through a trial de novo. See id., at 120, 134; ante, at 545.

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