Allen v. Milligan · ¶7

Under Gingles, to prove a § 2 violation, a plaintiff must first establish three preconditions. First, the minority group must be large and geographically compact enough to be a majority in a reasonably confgured congressional district, meaning that the district “comports with traditional districting criteria.” Callais, 608 U. S., at 98 (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, the minority group must be politically cohesive. Third, the majority group must vote enough as a bloc to defeat the minority group's preferred candidate. Ibid. After establishing those three preconditions, the plaintiff must prove that the political process was not equally open to minority voters based on the totality of the circumstances. Ibid.

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